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Grant, S. (1995a) Aiding decisions by recognising unexpected situations. In: 5th European conference on cognitive science approaches to process control (CSAPC'95), Espoo, Finland. August 30 - September 1, pp. 358 - 367. VTT Symposium 158.
Simon Grant
(post-doctoral grant-holder, 1994-1996),
European Commission, Joint Research Centre,
Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics,
Socio-Technical Systems Safety Sector,
TP 210, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy.
(Now at the University of Liverpool)
Emergencies, and hence accidents, often happen in situations that are unexpected by the person in control of the system. Two forms of unexpected situation are distinguished. The first form is where the designers of the system and the task have not foreseen the occurrence of the situation, and there is therefore no appropriate procedure designed. Freak combinations of events could fall into this category. The second form is where the situation itself is known but arrival in that situation is unrecognised by the person in control. A classic example from aviation is controlled flight into terrain, or in air traffic control, allowing two aircraft to get too close. In this second form, there is loss of situation awareness, (a concept much used with respect to pilots) and the human makes mistakes based on misunderstanding the situation. The prospects for developing aids for recognising and retrieving this second kind of unexpected situation are discussed. This kind of aid, generically of the same logical type as a ground proximity warning system, would identify moments when the human's actions or words suggested that the human's understanding of the situation was mistaken, and would then offer corrective information. Central to the operation of such an aid would be a sophisticated cognitive model of human understanding at the necessary level of detail, and for design and evaluation, a related cognitive simulation would be invaluable. Some requirements of the model and simulation are analysed here. Current progress is reported towards construction of a suitable model and simulation based on COSIMO.
Cacciabue, P. C., F. Decortis, B. Drozdowicz, M. Masson and J.-P. Nordvik (1992). COSIMO: a cognitive simulation model of human decision making and behavior in accident management of complex plants. IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 22 (5), 1058-1074.
Grant, A. S. (1990). Modelling Cognitive Aspects of Complex Control Tasks. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Computer Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. Readable electronically at http://www.simongrant.org/pubs/thesis/index.html
Grant, S. (1994). Modeling complex cognition: contextual modularity and transitions . In: Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on User Modeling , Hyannis, MA, USA, August, pp. 157-162.
Grant, S. (1995). Safety systems and cognitive models . To appear in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Human-Machine Interaction and Artificial Intelligence in Aerospace, Toulouse, France, September.
Johnston, A. N. (1995). Continental philosophy and aviation psychology. In: Proc. 8th Int. Symp. on Aviation Psychology. Columbus, Ohio, April 1995.
Sarter, N. B. and D. D. Woods (1991). Situation awareness: a critical but ill-defined phenomenon. Int. J. of Aviation Psychology, 1 (1), 45-57.
Vette, G. (1985). Impact Erebus. (Videotape.) Right Vision Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
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